1. Applicability

1.1. These Rules apply when they are incorporated, however this is made, in writing, orally or oth- erwise, into a contract by referring to the FIATA Rules for Freight Forwarding Services.

1.2. Whenever such reference is made, the parties agree that these Rules shall supersede any additional terms of the contract which are in conflict with these Rules, except insofar as they increase the responsibility or obligations of the Freight Forwarder.

2. Definitions

2.1. Freight Forwarding Services means services of any kind relating to the carriage, consolida- tion, storage, handling, packing or distribution of the Goods as well as ancillary and advisory services in connection therewith, including but not limited to customs and fiscal matters, de- claring the Goods for official purposes, procuring insurance of the Goods and collecting or procuring payment or documents relating to the Goods.

2.2. Freight Forwarder means the person concluding a contract of Freight Forwarding Services with a Customer.

2.3. Carrier means any person actually performing the carriage of the Goods with his own means of transport (performing Carrier) and any person subject to carrier liability as a result of an ex- press or implied undertaking to assume such liability (contracting Carrier).

2.4. Customer means any person having rights or obligations under the contract of Freight Forwar- ding Services concluded with a Freight Forwarder or as a result of his activity in connection with such services.

2.5. Goods means any property including live animals as well as containers, pallets or similar ar- ticles of transport or packaging not supplied by the Freight Forwarder.

2.6. SDR means a Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund.

2.7. Mandatory Law means any statutory law the provisions of which cannot be departed from by contractual stipulations to the detriment of the Customer.

2.8. In writing includes telegram, telex, telefax or any recording by electronic means.

2.9. Valuables means bullion, coins, money, negotiable instruments, precious stones, jewellery, antiques, pictures, works of art and similar properties.

2.10. Dangerous Goods means Goods which are officially classified as hazardous as well as Goods which are or may become of a dangerous, inflammable, radioactive noxious or damaging na- ture.

3. Insurance

No insurance will be affected by the Freight Forwarder, except upon express instructions giv- en in writing by the Customer. All insurances affected are subject to the usual exceptions and conditions of the Policies of the Insurance Company or Underwriters taking the risk. Unless otherwise agreed in writing the Freight Forwarder shall not be under any obligation to affect a separate insurance on each consignment, but may declare it on any open or general Policy held by the Freight Forwarder.

4. Hindrances

If at any time the Freight Forwarder’s performance is or is likely to be affected by any hidrance or risk of any kind (including the conditions of the Goods) not arising from any fault or neglect of the Freight Forwarder and which cannot be avoided by the exercise of reasonable endeavours, the Freight Forwarder may abandon the carriage of the Goods under the respec- tive contract and, where reasonably possible, make the Goods or any part of them available to the Customer at a place which the Freight Forwarder may deem safe and convenient, where- upon delivery shall be deemed to have been made, and the responsibility of the Freight For- warder in respect of such Goods shall cease. In any event, the Freight Forwarder shall be en- titled to the agreed remuneration under the contract and the Customer shall pay any additional costs resulting from the above mentioned circumstances.

5. Method and route of transportation

The Freight Forwarder shall carry out his services according to the Customer’s instructions as agreed. If the instructions are inaccurate or incomplete or not according to contract, the Freight Forwarder may at the risk and expense of the Customer act as he deems fit.
Unless otherwise agreed, the Freight Forwarder may without notice to the Customer arrange to carry the Goods on or under deck and choose or substitute the means, route and procedure to be followed in the handling, stowage, storage and transportation of the Goods.

6. The Freight Forwader’s liability (except as principal)

6.1. The Freight Forwarder’s duty of car
The Freight Forwarder is liable if he fails to exercise due diligence and take reasonable measures in the performance of the Freight Forwarding Services, in which case he, subject to Art. 8, shall compensate the Customer for loss of or damage to the Goods as well as for direct financial loss resulting from breach of his duty of care.

6.2. Basis of liability
The Freight Forwarder is liable if he fails to exercise due diligence and take reasonable measures in the performance of the Freight Forwarding Services, in which case he, subject to Art. 8, shall compensate the Customer for loss of or damage to the Goods as well as for direct financial loss resulting from breach of his duty of care.

7. The Freight Forwarder’s liability as principal

7.1. The Freight Forwarder’s liability as Carrier
The Freight Forwarder is subject to liability as principal not only when he actually performs the carriage himself by his own means of transport (performing Carrier), but also if, by issuing his own transport document or otherwise, he has made an express or implied undertaking to as- sume Carrier liability (contracting Carrier).
However, the Freight Forwarder shall not be deemed liable as Carrier if the Customer has re- ceived a transport document issued by a person other than the Freight Forwarder and does not within a reasonable time maintain that the Freight Forwarder is nevertheless liable as Car- rier.

7.2.The Freight Forwarder’s liability as principal for other services
With respect to services other than carriage of Goods such as, but not limited to, storage, handling, packing or distribution of the Goods, as well as ancillary services in connection therewith, the Freight Forwarder shall be liable as principal:
1) when such services have been performed by himself using his own facilities or em- ployees or
2) if he has made an express or implied undertaking to assume liability as principal. 7.3.
The Freight Forwarder as principal shall, subject to Art.8, be responsible for the acts and omissions of third parties he has engaged for the performance of the contract of carriage or other services in the same manner as if such acts and omissions were his own and his rights and duties shall be subject to the provisions of the law applicable to the mode of transport or service concerned, as well as the additional conditions expressly agreed or, failing express agreement, by the usual conditions for such mode of transport or services.

8. Exclusions, assessment and monetary limits of liability

8.1. Exclusions
The Freight Forwarder shall in no event be liable for:
3) Valuables or Dangerous Goods unless declared to the Freight Forwarder at the time of the conclusion of the contract,
4) loss following from delay unless expressly agreed in writing,
5) indirect or consequential loss such as, but not limited to, loss of profit and loss of market.

8.2. Assessment of compensation
The value of the Goods shall be determined according to the current commodity exchange price or, if there is not such price, according to the current market price or, if there is no commodity exchange price or current market price, by reference to the normal value of the Goods of the same kind and quality.

8.3. Monetary limits
8.3.1. Loss of or damage to the Goods
The provisions of Art.7.3. notwithstanding, the Freight Forwarder shall not be or become liable for any loss of or damage to the Goods in an amount exceeding the equivalent of 2 SDR per kilogram of gross weight of the Goods lost or damaged unless a larger amount is recovered from a person for whom the Freight Forwarder is responsible. If the Goods have not been de- livered within ninety consecutive days after the date when the Goods ought to have been de- livered, the claimant may, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, treat the Goods as lost.
8.3.2. Limitation of liability for delay
If the Freight Forwarder is liable in respect of loss following from delay, such liability shall be limited to an amount not exceeding the remuneration relating to the service giving rise to the delay.
8.3.3. Other type of loss
The provisions of Art.7.3. notwithistanding, the Freight Forwarder’s liability for any type of loss not mentioned in 8.3.1. and 8.3.2. shall not exceed the total amount of USD 60,000.- for each incident unless a larger amount is received from a person for whom the Freight Forwarder is responsible.

9. Notice

9.1. Unless notice of loss of or damage to the Goods, specifying the general nature of such loss or damage, is given in writing to the Freight Forwarder by the person entitled to receive the Goods when they are handed over to him, such handing over is prima facie evidence of the delivery of the Goods in good order and condition. Where such loss or damage is not appar- ent, the same prima facie effect shall apply if notice in writing is not given within 6 consecutive days after the day when the Goods were handed over to the person entitled to receive them.

9.2. With respect to all other loss or damage, any claim by the Customer against the Freight For- warder arising in respect of any service provided for the Customer or which the Freight For- warder has undertaken to provide shall be made in writing and notified to the Freight For- warder within 14 days of the date upon which the Customer became or should have become aware of any event or occurrence alleged to give rise to such claim. Any claim not made and notified as aforesaid shall be deemed to be waived and absolutely barred except where the Customer can show that it was impossible for him to comply with this time limit and that he has made the claim as soon as it was reasonably possible for him to do so.

10. Time bar

The Freight Forwarder shall, unless otherwise expressly agreed, be discharged of all liability under these Rules unless suit is brought within 9 months after the delivery of the Goods, or the date when the Goods should have been delivered, or the date when failure to deliver the Goods would give the consignee the right to treat the Goods as lost.
With respect to other loss than loss of or damage to the Goods the 9 months period should be counted from the time when the failure of the Freight Forwarder giving right to the claim oc- curred.

11. Applicability to actions in tort

These Rules apply to all claims against the Freight Forwarder whether the claim be founded in contract or in tort.

12. Liability of servants and other persons

These Rules apply whenever any claim is made against a servant, agent or other person the Freight Forwarder engaged for the performance of the service (including any independent contractor) whether such claims are founded in contract or in tort, and the aggregate liability of the Freight Forwarder and such servants, agents or other persons shall not exceed the limit applicable to the service concerned as expressly agreed between the Freight Forwarder and the Customer or following from these Rules.

13. Unforeseen circumstances

In the event that the Freight Forwarder, in case of unforeseen circumstances, acts in the best interest of the Customer extra costs and charges have to be borne by the Customer.

14. No set-off

All monies due shall be paid without any reduction or deferment on account of any claim, counter-claim or set-off.

15. General lien

The Freight Forwarder shall, to the extent permitted by the applicable law, have a general lien on the Goods and any documents relating thereto for any amount due at any time to the Freight Forwarder from the Customer including storage fees and the cost of recovering same, and may enforce such lien in any reasonable manner which he may think fit.

16. Information

The Customer shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the Freight Forwarder the accuracy, at the time the Goods were taken in charge by the Freight Forwarder, of all particulars relating to the general nature of the Goods, their marks, number, weight, volume and quantity and, if ap- plicable, to the dangerous character of the Goods, as furnished by him or on his behalf.

17. Duty of indemnification

17.1. General duty of indemnification
Except to the extent that the Freight Forwarder is liable according to the provisions of Part II, the Customer shall indemnify the Freight Forwarder for all liability incurred in the performance of the Freight Forwarding Services.

17.2. Duty of indemnification in respect of General Average

The Customer shall indemnify the Freight Forwarder in respect of any claims of a General Av- erage nature which may be made on him and shall provide such security as may be required by the Freight Forwarder in this connection.

18. The Customer’s liability

The Customer shall be liable to the Freight Forwarder for all loss or damage, costs, expenses and official charges resulting from the Customer’s inaccurate or incomplete information or instructions or the handing over by the Customer or any person acting on his behalf to the Freight Forwarder, or to any other person to whom the Freight Forwarder may become liable, of Goods having caused death or personal injury, damage to property, environmental damage or any other type of loss.

19. Jurisdiction and applicable law

Unless otherwise agreed, actions against the Freight Forwarder may be instituted only in the place where the Freight Forwarder has his principal place of business and shall be decided according to the law of the country of that place.

20. Mandatory Law

These Rules shall only take effect to the extent that they are not contrary to the mandatory provisions of international conventions or national law applicable to the Freight Forwarding Services.